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HomeBusiness LawThe Gospel According to Paxton? AG Fights Religious Group Over Migrants

The Gospel According to Paxton? AG Fights Religious Group Over Migrants

Eight Texas Supreme Court justices heard argument on whether the state may shut down a Catholic charity it accuses of illegally harboring undocumented immigrants.

Counsel for the charity and for the First Liberty Institute amicus curiae claim the Texas Religious Freedom Restoration Act, or RFRA, does not permit the state’s actions. They also argue the move would be beyond the authority of the state’s quo warranto petition—a legal tool normally used by a state to stop businesses from engaging in activities for which they are not licensed.

Associate Deputy Attorney General Ryan Baasch argued for the state.

Newly empaneled Justice James P. Sullivan did not participate because of his connection to the case while general counsel to the governor.

Baasch said Gov. Greg Abbott directed Paxton to crack down on nongovernmental organizations that provided assistance to immigrants.

Annunciation House, a well-known El Paso-based Catholic charity, has for years made it its mission to shelter and feed migrants, immigrants and refugees, most of whom are in the country awaiting asylum hearings.

Justice Debra Lehrmann asked Baasch if he disagreed that the respondent is engaged in a religious activity. Baasch avoided answering the question directly, claiming the state is in too “preliminary posture to even address that.”

Ryan argued there is a question as to whether the charity’s activities “substantially burden” their religious activity.

Justice Evan Young shot back, “If it’s religious activity, how could it not substantially burden them if you want to shut it down?”

Baasch claimed the RFRA does not preclude the use of any remedy.

Lehrmann countered, “But shouldn’t it be the least restrictive?”

Baasch asserted that the one specific remedy not available to the attorney general is the closing of a house of worship—and no one is asserting the charity is that.

Lehrmann asked why it would not be sufficient to get an injunction regarding the sheltering of immigrants living in the country illegally, but Baasch said that was not enough.

“If organizations know they can engage in this activity and the worst that’s going to happen is that they get enjoined, nothing stops them from engaging in the activity in the first instance,” Baasch said.

Baasch said the state does not dispute the sincerity of the charity’s beliefs, but he then questioned again how violating the state’s harboring ban substantially burdens those beliefs. It would be one thing of a charity indiscriminately serves the poor, including U.S. citizens, but the Annunciation House ministry is dedicated to helping refugees.

Amy Warr of Alexander Dubose & Jefferson, arguing for Annunciation House, asserted there has been no violation of the harboring statute because this ministry of the Catholic Church “does not hide undocumented people from law enforcement; hiding them is an element of the harboring statute.”

Warr said the state’s argument is heavy on rhetoric that does not faithfully adhere to the record and it’s the record that matters. Unless all the elements are checked, including concealment, there is no violation.

The state never mentioned concealment in its brief and only conceded concealment is an element in its reply brief to the respondent’s brief.

Justice Jane Bland asked if Warr agreed that the state at least has a right to examine the charity’s records. Warr disagreed, asserting privacy issues involving guest’s names, sponsor’s names, country of origin and medical records.

Justice John P. Devine questioned whether preventing access to the records was not a form of concealment.

Warr said everyone in El Paso, including law enforcement, knows what the charity does and where it’s located. In fact, the majority of the charity’s guests are brought there by Immigration and Customs Enforcement after their asylum applications have been processed, or by the FBI or Homeland Security as witnesses to be called upon at some later date for human trafficking cases.

“What the state is asserting here as concealment is our assertion of our Fourth Amendment rights” to unreasonable searches and seizures, Warr said. “And the Court of Criminal Appeals has held … that by saying no, not consenting to a search, cannot be used as grounds—you cannot infer illegal conduct. You can’t even infer reasonable suspicion or probably cause.”

Addressing what she called the state’s “quo warranto scheme,” Warr said the legislature set up a hurdle for its use.

“Quo warranto powers have not been authorized by the legislature for these facts, and they must be authorized by the legislature. That’s in the [state] constitution under sufficient cause,” Warr said.

If, for nearly two centuries, quo warranto in the corporate context was limited to enforcement actions where a certificate or license was lacking to engage in the business of insurance, or the sale of liquor, or settings rates as a monopoly, Warr said Texas of the 1800s and the legislature today would be surprised to know they have this authority, which makes all those industry-specific statutes meaningless.

Elizabeth Kiernan of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher argues for amicus curiae First Liberty Institute at the Texas Supreme Court.

Elizabeth Kiernan of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher argued for First Liberty Institute.

“Over 50 years ago, Annunciation House answered the gospel of Matthew’s call to care for the least of these in the service of Christ. If the Texas RFRA protects anything, it protects this religious charity against outright closure,” Kiernan said.

In December, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear Catholic Charities Bureau v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission, a case where the Wisconsin Supreme Court affirmed the state’s authority to impose unemployment taxes on employees of affiliated organizations that provide services to individual with developmental and mental health disabilities, while conceding those services have been given since 1917 for the purpose of actualizing “the charity of Christ.”

Kiernan said she did not consider it guidance so much as reinforcement of RFRA.

The Texas Catholic Conference of Bishops and El Paso County also submitted friend of the court briefs supporting Annunciation House.

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