By now, court officials are familiar with the pretrial release laws as amended by the Pretrial Integrity Act. The application of G.S. 15A-533(b) regarding defendants charged with certain high-level felonies has been fairly straightforward. Application of the 48-hour provision, G.S. 15A-533(h), has not been as simple and has given rise to several questions, including what procedures to apply when a criminal process other than an arrest warrant is used.
Under the new law, when a defendant is arrested for a new offense while on pretrial release for a pending proceeding, a judge—rather than a magistrate—must set conditions of release for the new offense within the first 48 hours after arrest. This post addresses the application of this provision with regard to citations, summonses, orders for arrest, and indictments.
Charges Initiated by Citation or Summons
There are two scenarios to consider when charges are initiated by citation or summons. One is when a defendant was initially charged by citation or summons, then commits a new offense and is arrested. Because citations and summonses do not authorize a law enforcement officer to take the defendant into custody, a defendant charged by either of those instruments cannot be considered to be on pretrial release for the charged offenses, since they were neither taken into nor released from custody. Accordingly, an arrest for a subsequent charge would not trigger the 48-hour provision under G.S. 15A-533(h) because the defendant was not on pretrial release. Under this scenario, a magistrate has immediate authority to set conditions of release for the new offense.
The second situation is when a defendant is on pretrial release and is charged with a new offense by citation or summons. In this scenario the defendant will not be taken into custody, and the 48-hour provision will not apply.
Orders for Arrest for Failing to Appear
If a defendant is on pretrial release and is later arrested for failing to appear in court, a magistrate ordinarily has authority to set conditions of release during the initial appearance. The reason is that failing to appear is not a new offense unless it is specifically charged as such.
Occasionally, a judge may decline to issue an order for arrest for failing to appear. The judge may instead issue an arrest warrant that charges the defendant with G.S. 15A-543 (failure to appear). In this scenario, the defendant’s arrest will trigger G.S. 15A-533(h), and the conditions of release will need to be set by a judge within the first 48 hours of arrest.
Charges Initiated by Indictment
Perhaps the most muddying of these documents is the indictment. Indictments can be returned both for new charges and for charges initiated by a warrant or other process. If an indictment is returned for the same charge as an earlier arrest in the case and the defendant has been released from custody on pretrial release conditions, then an order for arrest should not be issued. Instead, notice of the indictment should be “mailed or otherwise given to the defendant.” G.S. 15A-630. Thus, it would be unlikely for a defendant who is on pretrial release for a charge to be rearrested for that charge after an indictment is returned for only that same charge.
New charges
If a charge is initiated by indictment, then the court may issue an order for arrest. This arrest triggers G.S. 15A-533(h) only if the defendant was already out on pretrial release for another pending proceeding (that is, not the charges initiated by the indictment). In some cases, the district attorney might dismiss charges in district court before securing an indictment, as my colleague, Danny Spiegel, discussed here. An order for arrest may be issued if an indictment is later returned for the dismissed charges. If an order for arrest is issued and the defendant is on pretrial release as a result of another pending proceeding, then G.S. 15A-533(h) will apply, even if the defendant was already held for 48 hours when he or she was first arrested for the dismissed charges. While the law makes discretionary whether to issue an order for arrest on the indicted charges, it does not offer the same flexibility in following the necessary pretrial release procedures if the order for arrest is, in fact, issued.
If an indictment is returned for the same charge as an earlier arrest and charges additional offenses, then the court may issue an order for arrest and require new pretrial release conditions. Generally, an indictment that charges additional offenses will add charges that are transactionally related to the original charges (i.e., part of the original criminal episode). Such offenses would not have been committed while the defendant was on pretrial release, so G.S. 15A-533(h) would not apply to them. In the rare circumstance that the additional offenses are alleged to have been committed while the defendant was on pretrial release from the earlier arrest, the pretrial release conditions for the new offenses would need to be set by a judge within the first 48 hours after arrest.
Status offenses
A defendant may be charged by indictment with a status offense. An indictment charging a defendant as a status offender is statutorily required to be separate from the indictment charging the defendant with the principal felony. This rule applies to habitual felons and other habitual status offenders charged pursuant to Article 2A, 2B, 2D, or 2E of Chapter 14. In general, an order for arrest should not be issued when a defendant is charged with being a status offender on top of existing charges.
Even if an order for arrest is issued, the defendant still should not be subject to the provisions of G.S. 15A-533(h) because status offenses are not new offenses within the meaning of the provision. Rather, they are penalty enhancement provisions that apply to defendants who have achieved a specific status. There must be a substantive criminal offense to which the status offense can attach. Even if the status offenses could be considered new offenses, the “date of offense” would not fall within the scope of the statute. As my colleague, Jeff Welty, wrote in a previous post, the offense date could be either (1) the date of the substantive felony with which the defendant is charged, or (2) the date of the last of the defendant’s previous convictions, i.e., the date that the defendant became a status offender. Either way, the defendant would not have been on pretrial release at the time the status was achieved, so G.S. 15A-533(h) would not apply.
Consequently, a magistrate has immediate authority to set conditions of release for a defendant who is arrested on an OFA for a habitual offender status. This does not apply to all recidivist offenses. Many, like habitual impaired driving under G.S. 20-138.5 and habitual misdemeanor assault under G.S. 14-33.2, have been classified as substantive offenses, not status offenses. See State v. Vardiman, 146 N.C. App. 381 (2001), State v. Carpenter, 155 N.C. App. 35 (2002).
I anticipate that other, more unique scenarios will arise with time. If you have any questions about applying the Pretrial Integrity Act, please feel free to email me at [email protected].
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